Initiated in 1995, the Spinner Study is a long-term science and conservation study monitoring the habits and populations of the societies of wild spinner dolphins, Stenella longirostris, that swim in the shallow coastal waters around the Hawaiian islands. Earthtrust is conducting this study of wild dolphin behavior with the aim of establishing their important habitats, social structures, and longevity This research will enrich our knowledge of dolphin behavior and heighten awareness of the ways humans impact it.
Conservation in a larger sense is also served by increasing our knowledge of spinner dolphins. Spinners are one of the two major species which die by the millions in the tuna purse seine nets. Most people are unaware that Congress has just legalized importing tuna caught by killing dolphins. There is no question that the tuna-porpoise slaughter, in terms of numbers killed, is the most dangerous problem to cetaceans today.
The interaction of humans with wild dolphins is a special gift - one that should be valued and protected. The current trend towards environmental awareness is accompanied by people seeking ways to change their relationship with nature. In Hawaii this has been demonstrated in recent years by the increasing numbers of people who have discovered the accessibility of the exuberant Hawaiian spinner dolphins, and avidly pursue trying to swim with them. As this type of "ecotourism" becomes more popular, it may become critical to the welfare of these dolphins to define guidelines for appropriate behavior for humans seeking to observe dolphin life. Earthtrust's research constitutes the baseline scientific study which is necessary to evaluate impacts like this and others on the dolphins, and to secure protection for them if and when they need it.
Scientific data is critical and necessary for conservation. In order to best determine how to manage these animals, we must understand their way of life and their needs. We need to know as much as we can about who they are and what their lives are like.
We are presently focusing on a group of spinner dolphins off the coast of Oahu. These dolphins forage for food in the deep ocean at night but rest in shallow coastal waters during the day, making it easy for us to unobtrusively observe them. Identification of the dolphins, which enables us to build an accurate profile of their population, is a critical component of the study, and is achieved through underwater photography and video. Slides and video data are analyzed for identity and then catalogued and archived. IDs are determined primarily by using distinct scars and coloration patterns on the dolphins' bodies. Data is recorded on the dates each animal is seen, as well as any dolphin associations observed. Each "new" dolphin is compared against the extensive ID collection (to date over 2000 slides of over 130 dolphins, out of an estimated 200 to 300 near the study site).
The Spinner Study also explores the concepts of long-term site fidelity as well as whether there is any inter-island migration of the spinners. It is not known whether the Hawaiian spinners travel to other islands. There has been extensive research on spinner dolphins on the Big Island of Hawaii, and to an extent on the spinners near the island of Lanai. In 1997 we began a photo ID archive of spinners on the northeast coast of Kauai. By comparing our data with that of researchers from other islands, we may soon be able to answer this question.
Unique underwater video footage we obtained during the summer 1997 field season was used extensively in an award-winning documentary which appeared on the Discovery Channel in March, 1998. "Ocean Acrobats: The Spinner Dolphin" featured interviews with Earthtrust researchers Suchi Psarakos and Dr. Ken Marten, and highlighted the important work they are doing with the spinners in Hawaii.
Earthtrust's research also measures aspects of the spinners' behavior, such as their apparent preference for special swimming and rest areas. During peak tourist months of 1995, 1996, and 1997, an intensive daily observation period was conducted. Collecting this data is critical for determining whether the dolphins' use of these bays is being adversely affected by humans. Both swimmers and dolphins were observed and pertinent data on the behavior of each was noted and recorded. The data set included such parameters as the number and location of dolphins and swimmers, and number of seconds between a given dolphin surfacing for air, as well as number of spins, leaps, and slaps on the surface that the dolphins made. Aerial behavior, so magnificent in spinners, is a good general indicator of behavior level. Organization and analysis of this large and complex data set is underway, and Earthtrust will be publishing the results for the environmental and scientific communities.
In the fall of 1997, the beach adjoining the dolphins' resting site was nearly used as an amphibious landing training area by the Marines. Earthtrust wrote a letter to Hawaii's governor, the Commander in Chief of the Pacific, and the Marine official in charge of environmental assessment, protesting the use of the area and advocating it as a critical habitat for the spinners. Due in part to Earthtrust's letter-writing efforts, the governor ultimately relocated the training to an alternate beach. On the morning of the day that the landing had been proposed, we observed 35-45 spinner dolphins, 25-35 spotted dolphins, many babies, and several instances of mating. It clearly was fortunate that this training event did not take place at the beach, and we are pleased that the existence of our data on spinner dolphin use of the area, the only data set of its kind, was at least partially responsible for the governor's decision. It is a clear sign of the critical necessity of studies such as ours, and the success that these studies can have in helping to protect the dolphins' habitat.
As with Earthtrust's Project Delphis, the purpose of the Spinner Study is twofold: science and conservation. The study can teach us about how spinner dolphins use our coastlines, and what it means to have humans trying to interact with them. Pragmatically, defining the dolphin populations will allow them to be considered in the case of yet-unforeseen human impacts on them or their habitats. Earthtrust's research will contribute to the critical and timely task of evaluating the most unobtrusive and respectful ways to observe marine mammals in ways that do not interfere with the delicate balance of their social systems. We hope to demonstrate that the local spinner dolphins are a thriving collection of unique individuals and complex societies. Presenting dolphins to people in this personal, intimate way will, we hope, encourage them to treat the oceans with sensitivity, respect, and a desire to protect.
The nature of this study requires that it be long-term. Our current National Marine Fisheries Service permit allows us to continue our research until the year 2000. The Earthtrust Spinner Study research team will work into the next century to find new ways to teach people about dolphins, and to keep wild dolphins wild.
The original Spinner Study program manager Suchi Psarakos was a former computer programmer. Her past work as a scientific programmer for NOAA provided her with a solid scientific base for the six years she worked with Dr. Ken Marten studying captive bottlenose dolphin cognition in the Earthtrust Project Delphis lab. Her many years observing dolphin behavior, combined with a strong desire to study dolphins in their natural environment, motivated her to turn this offshoot of Project Delphis into a full-fledged Earthtrust dolphin campaign. Dr. Marten continues to contribute important scientific counsel and guidance to the Spinner Study.
The Spinner Study is being assessed by ET as a vehicle to advocate for permanent protections for the resting bays of these dolphins. Both political and funding support will be needed, but the spinner dolphins are certainly worth it.
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